How Do Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA Sequences

In nature, organisms constantly have to protect themselves from foreign invaders, even at the microscopic level. In bacteria, there is a group of bacterial enzymes that work by dismantling foreign DNA. This dismantling process is called restriction and the enzymes that carry out this process are called restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are very important in recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes have been used to help produce vaccines, pharmaceutical products, insect resistant crops, and a host of other products. Key Takeaways Restriction enzymes dismantle foreign DNA by cutting it into fragments. This disassembling process is called restriction.Recombinant DNA technology relies on restriction enzymes to produce new combinations of genes.The cell protects its own DNA from disassembly by adding methyl groups in a process called modification.DNA ligase is a very important enzyme that helps to join DNA strands together via covalent bonds. What Is a Restriction Enzyme? Restriction enzymes are a class of enzymes that cut DNA into fragments based upon recognizing a specific sequence of nucleotides. Restriction enzymes are also known as restriction endonucleases. While there are hundreds of different restriction enzymes, they all work in essentially the same way. Each enzyme has what is known as a recognition sequence or site. A recognition sequence is typically a specific, short nucleotide sequence in DNA. The enzymes cut at certain points within the recognized sequence. For example, a restriction enzyme may recognize a specific sequence of guanine, adenine, adenine, thymine, thymine, cytosine. When this sequence is present, the enzyme can make staggered cuts in the sugar-phosphate backbone in the sequence. But if restriction enzymes cut based on a certain sequence, how do cells like bacteria protect their own DNA from being cut up by restriction enzymes? In a typical cell, methyl groups (CH3) are added to the bases in the sequence to prevent recognition by the restriction enzymes. This process is carried out by complementary enzymes that recognize the same sequence of nucleotide bases as restriction enzymes. The methylation of DNA is known as modification. With the processes of modification and restriction, cells can both cut up foreign DNA that pose a danger to the cell while preserving the important DNA of the cell. Based on the double-stranded configuration of DNA, recognition sequences are symmetrical on the different stands but run in opposite directions. Recall that DNA has direction indicated by the type of carbon at the end of the strand. The 5 end has a phosphate group attached while the other 3 end has a hydroxyl group attached. For example: 5 end - ... guanine, adenine, adenine, thymine, thymine, cytosine ... - 3 end 3 end - ... cytosine, thymine, thymine, adenine, adenine, guanine ... - 5 end If, for example, the restriction enzyme cuts within the sequence between the guanine and adenine, it would do so with both sequences but at opposite ends (since the second sequence runs in the opposite direction). Since the DNA is cut on both strands, there will be complementary ends that can hydrogen bond to one another. These ends are often called sticky ends. What Is DNA Ligase? The sticky ends of the fragments produced by restriction enzymes are useful in a laboratory setting. They can be used to join DNA fragments from both different sources and different organisms. The fragments are held together by hydrogen bonds. From a chemical perspective, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions and are not permanent. Using another type of enzyme however, the bonds can be made permanent. DNA ligase is a very important enzyme that functions in both the replication and repair of a cells DNA. It functions by helping the joining of DNA strands together. It works by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. This bond is a covalent bond, much stronger than the aforementioned hydrogen bond and able to hold the different fragments together. When different sources are used, the resulting recombinant DNA that is produced has a new combination of genes. Restriction Enzyme Types There are four broad categories of restriction enzymes: Type I enzymes, Type II enzymes, Type III enzymes, and Type IV enzymes. All have the same basic function, but the different types are classified based on their recognition sequence, how they cleave, their composition, and on their substance requirements (the need for and type of cofactors). Generally, Type I enzymes cut DNA at locations distant to the recognition sequence; Type II cut DNA within or close to the recognition sequence; Type III cut DNA near recognition sequences; and Type IV cleave methylated DNA. Sources Biolabs, New England. â€Å"Types of Restriction Endonucleases.† New England Biolabs: Reagents for the Life Sciences Industry, www.neb.com/products/restriction-endonucleases/restriction-endonucleases/types-of-restriction-endonucleases.Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

The And The European Union - 1108 Words

Countries like the U.K. and the European Union have established clear polices for progression of research. The law states that research on embryos older than 14 days is prohibited. Panno Joseph, Ph.D. holder and clinical E.S cell researcher, explains how the age limit of 14 days is specifically used because it is the time period when the brain and spinal cord start to develop, which is the beginning of the neuralization (Panno 32). In addition, the United Kingdom denies the use of embryonic stem cells without a license (Vogel 1602). A license is only obtained for research agencies promoting advances in treatments (Vogel 1603). In addition, therapeutic cloning has been allowed, due to beneficial tools in research. Due to the U.K. and European unions well positioned laws, and rigorous regulatory regime they have become the world leader in embryonic stem cell research. As a result, they attract skilled scientists and international investment in stem cell research. These countries can se rve as a model for the United States, which lacks clear polices pertaining to embryonic stem cell research. Moreover, public funding from government research councils has played a crucial factor in breakthroughs such as â€Å" increasing knowledge about the causes of congenital disease, causes of miscarriages, [and the] development of medical therapies,† (Panno 81). Furthermore, the countries’ researchers have made significant advancements in the developmental of reproductive biology that can treatShow MoreRelatedEuropean Unions And The European Union1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union was developed in order to end the frequent and horrific wars between neighboring countries in Europe which peaked in the second World War. After long years of negotiations and meetings between member states of European countries, the European Union was formed because of common interests and goals on economic, social, and foreign policies. The European Union ensures to unite Eur opean countries economically and politically in order for them to have a secured lasting peace. The foundingRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union1439 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Union comprises of 28 member states . The emergence of the European Union resulted from the wish to stop conflicts among the warring countries within the states which will not only bring about peace and safety but also economic growth and embossed living standards for all of its peoples. European Union is based on the rule of law, individual human rights protection and a common European Union Citizenship. The aspirations of the Union have increased far beyond the indigenous aims of a systematicRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union944 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Queen her happy 90th birthday and tell the British people that voting to leave the European Union in the 23 June 2016 referendum is a terrible idea. 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It is a complex hybrid organization, falling somewhere between the intergovernmental cooperative United Nations, and the federal government of United States of America. The chief constituting bodies are namely,Read MoreThe European Union Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesformer Prime Minister David Cameron stated, â€Å"A vote to leave is the gamble of the century. And it would be our children’s futures on the table if we were to roll the dice† (Ketil). On June 23, more than half of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. A myriad of UK’s citizens had no knowledge of what their vote would do.1 In the United States, the electoral college elects the president while taking in the consideration of the public’s vote. When the public voted on the referendum, they believed

IT Strategy Management and Acquisition

Question: Discuss about the IT Strategy Management and Acquisition. Answer: Introduction: IT management can be defined as a practice or a policy that is primarily used for managing different types of information technology for any kind of business environment. Information technology has become one of the inseparable parts for rendering the success of a business organization. In order to maintain a co-ordination between the employers and employees, organizations have to follow an organizational structure. Some of the most important organizational structures used by most of the well-known companies include Divisional, Flat Matrix, Hierarchy, Project based and so on. Cognizant Technology Solution, IBM, B2M Solution have been considered as one of the most popular IT companies occupying a predominant place in the realm of information technology industry. IT management has become an inevitable part for every business organization in order to provide an effective service to the customers. Business organizations within their IT department like to maintain Matrix organizational st ructure for making a coherence with the employees. As defined by Awadh Alyahya, (2013), IT management is not about mere installing and maintaining technology. The essence of IT management has its greater significance. IT management implies to use the technology in such a way that both the service providers and service users become facilitated and benefited for it. The primary responsibility of the IT users is not only to use information technology within the business process but also to train the stakeholders for making the best use of information technology both inside and outside of the organization. Therefore, this particular study has focused to highlight which particular structure of IT management has been followed by most of the predominating IT organization. The role of organizational structure for the success of a company has also been pointed out in this particular study. How does the Success of IT Management Influence the Success of Business Organization? In order to maintain an effective profit making planning business organizations have to maintain some of the major factors (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). These factors include accurate data analysis, maintaining effective communication with the employees, keeping a constant record about the performance of employees, maintaining accurate financial calculation and so on. Information technology is the only way with the help of which the business experts can keep a constant record on the above mentioned factors. The impact of using IT management within the process of business is possessed with both positive and its negative impacts (Enqvist, Graham Nikkinen, 2014). Organizational structure is highly important in order to maintain coherence within the business process of an organization. Matrix organization structure does not like to follow traditional model like Hierarchy and Flat. IT managers would be able to take an effective as well as quick decision if they tend to follow this particular structure within their department. With this specific structure employees have to play dual role in order to deal with the customers effectively. They have to work both as a functional and as a product manager in Matrix. Matrix structure is possessed with some of the major advantages and disadvantages. Organization like Caterpillar tends to follow Matrix structure within the IT management. Some of the advantages of implementing matrix structure with the IT management are as follows: Appropriate decision-making is the heart of business growth and success. A particular business organization would be able to make an appropriate decision at the right time only when the managers are having sufficient data and information. In matrix structure, employees are divided into small groups based on which they are able to take an effective decision at the right time. The chief executive officer of a particular organization divides two or three functional managers for a specific business organization. Under three functional managers few staffs are recruited to handle data and information. Information technology is the only reliable source that can provide appropriate data and information regarding the business goal. At present era, Google Analytics and Microsoft CRM Dynamics, Big data are the major tools to provide necessary information to the business experts (Fos Knudsen, 2013). In the matrix structure, the IT experts play as the major role of functional by maintaining the productivity. Under the direction of functional managers, the employees of IT division like to keep a constant record on the performance of the employees (Garrigos-Simon et al. 2012). The advancement of technology helps business managers for taking a suitable decision within the stipulated period. Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek Van Praag, (2013) stated that before launching the Eat Happy Project by TESCO, the marketing executives of this organization decided to conduct a market survey in order to collect an accumulated feedback from the target audience. The marketing executives collected the feedback from the target customers by utilizing the popularity of public forum (Kaplan Mikes, 2012). By maintaining the matrix structure, the functional managers have divided the employees into small groups. Some of the employees were responsible for collecting feedback from the customers for launching Eat Happy Project in various schools of UK. Without the assistance of information technology, this company would never be able to launch Eat Happy Project for the wellbeing of children. Matrix structure within IT management renders business growth. In order to promote the products and services, one single group of IT department tends to use the popularity of both electronic and digital media (Lo, Yeung Cheng, 2012). The use of media has a greater impact on both the organization and the customers. On one hand, organizations are able to reach their brand to the various geographical boundaries in order to draw the attention of international customers. On the other hand, customers as well can get detailed information regarding the reliability of a particular product by visiting various online websites and public forums (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). For an example, marketing distribution plan and promotional activities of IBM are completed based on digital media. As a result, after starting their journey in Australia, this particular organization has launched their entire business process to various countries. More than 28 million customers are intending to use the service and product of this organization in each country. The functional managers by following the matrix structure are deciding to spread their entire business process to the international market. Information technology has left an immense contribution for the business development of this particular organization (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2014). At the same time, matrix structure within IT management is not devoid of some of its negative impacts as well. Employees by following this particular structure have been divided into small groups. As a result, people have to face communication barrier. Functional managers have to face difficulties to maintain the unity inside the team members. In addition, The rhythmic flow of business hampers immensely due to any kind of technological error. The managers would not be able o communicate with the employees if the data or performance record of the employees is demolished due to technological crisis (Rasula, Vuksic Stemberger, 2012). In this kind of situation, IT management has to face innumerable difficulties to overcome all the barriers. In order to follow matrix structure, the IT managers should be very much concerned on some of its major factors as well. The managers have to be concerned about the IT security for making their data and information confidential. While implementing IT management within the process of business, the business organization should follow some of the most important regulations and acts inside the organization. Data Protection act is the most important regulation that every business organization should follow at the workplace. Data protection act implies that the business experts or data analysts should never disclose any data in front of the third party without taking permission to that concerned person. The IT managers should strictly instruct the employees to maintain confidentiality of data in regards to the organization and both employees. The success of a business organization may be affected being unable to maintain security within the confidential data. In order to run an organization successfully, the business experts should maintain confidentiality in business strategies and policies (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). Otherwise, competitors may become a major threat in the market. However, encryption is one of the most effective ways of maintaining security on data and information from the customers as well as hackers (Thomas Cornuel, 2012). If a particular business organization likes to maintain encryption, an unauthorized person would never be able to use or hack the computer. Maintaining confidentiality of data is quite difficult in matrix organizational structure. In order to maintain data safe and secured, most of the business organizations like to depend on encryption process. While running an organization, the business experts love to maintain a constant financial record on computer. Employees while working under matrix structure have to face immense difficulties in order to maintain confidentiality of data (Wang, Chen Chen, 2012). IT managers should provide an effective training for using encryption so that employees can make the best use of it. An unauthorized person would never be able to use an encrypted file. Therefore, the financial managers can easily maintain their database by using encryption. Effective IT service is also possessed with some of its major impacts for rendering the success of a business organization. The business managers can maintain an effective communication with the employees as well as with the customers by using the advancement of technology. People from different corners are able to communicate with a particular business organization by utilizing the popularity of digital media. Customers can use the service and product of a business organization sitting at their home. For an example, Amazon.com has been considered as one of the most popular ecommerce business organizations that provide an effective online service to the customers of different geographical boundary. The service providers of this organization keep a constant contact with the customer in order to know their needs and demands (Wilton, 2012). The customers as well like to express their feedback to the service providers with the help of online media. As per the customers response and feedb ack, the business organizations like to reform their business strategies and policies. Therefore, the impact of IT service is vast that creates a major role for rendering the success of an organization. The data analyst of a business organization as well is able to provide an accurate data and information regarding the profit and loss. Based on the profit margin, the managers make their business policies of promoting their products. The marketing budget of an organization is highly dependent on the profit margin. Therefore, the contribution of IT service for the success of a business organization is truly undeniable. In matrix structure, employees of similar skills and competencies are instructed to be kept under similar team. For an example, IT employees of IT departments have been kept under a similar group so that they do not have to face difficulties for providing effective services. IT functional managers never intend to amalgamate IT specialists with other departments. Information system is of the major sources of maintaining an effective communication with the customers. With the help of online market survey, the customers get the scope to express their own point of view regarding the service and product quality of a particular organization. Therefore, the product managers can make or re-form their strategies and policies as per the desires of customers. The success of a business organization in matrix structure is highly dependent on the performance level of employees. Information system records the performance of the employees at every step. The functional managers should maintain a strong communication with every single employee in order to encourage him or her. The product managers should keep a record about the productivity of employees. As per the production level, the business experts like to provide appropriate suggestion regarding the betterment of business process. The entire study has provided a detailed analysis about the impact of IT management structure for the success of a business organization. Business experts always crave for maintaining the image and reputation of an organization. In order to get an effective service from the employees, the managers need to provide an effective feedback to the performers so that they can improve their way of service. Information technology is one of the most effective sources that can keep a record about employee performance. IT management of most of the companies tends to follow Matrix structure for maintaining an effective communication with the existing workers. Organizations like to use the advanced technology for providing accurate data to the performers. Reference List: Awadh, A. M., Alyahya, M. S. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), 168. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), 1165-1188. Enqvist, J., Graham, M., Nikkinen, J. (2014). The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: Evidence from Finland.Research in International Business and Finance,32, 36-49. Foss, N. J., Knudsen, C. (2013).Towards a competence theory of the firm(Vol. 2). Routledge. Garrigos-Simon, F. J., Lapiedra Alcam, R., Barber Ribera, T. (2012). Social networks and Web 3.0: their impact on the management and marketing of organizations.Management Decision,50(10), 1880-1890. Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M. (2013). The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment.Management Science,59(7), 1514-1528. Kaplan, R. S., Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: a new framework. Lo, C. K., Yeung, A. C., Cheng, T. C. E. (2012). The impact of environmental management systems on financial performance in fashion and textiles industries.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 561-567. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A. (2014).Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Rasula, J., Vuksic, V. B., Stemberger, M. I. (2012). The impact of knowledge management on organisational performance.Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe,14(2), 147. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Thomas, H., Cornuel, E. (2012). Business schools in transition? Issues of impact, legitimacy, capabilities and re-invention.Journal of Management Development,31(4), 329-335. Wang, C. H., Chen, K. Y., Chen, S. C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 119-129. Wilton, N. (2012). The impact of work placements on skills development and career outcomes for business and management graduates.Studies in Higher Education,37(5), 603-620.

Psychological Disorders Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa

Introduction Eating disorders are rarely seen by the layman as being psychological in nature. However, as different researches have confirmed, there is a strong correlation of eating disorders with psychological disorders. A study done by Kaye et al (2004) for example established that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are associated with anxiety disorders. To understand these two eating abnormalities further and their effects on the affected population, this study will review some of the existing literature publishing on the two.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Anorexia Nervosa According to Eysenck (2004) anorexia nervosa â€Å"is an eating disorder in which the individual is very frightened of becoming fat in spite of having very low body weight† (p. 840). Accordingly, the anorexia n ervosa sufferer has body weight which is less than 85 percent of what would be their normal body weight. People with this condition are known to have a distorted thinking about their body weights and often dismiss any dangers that may arise from being underweight. According to Eysenck (2004), females are more concerned about their body weights and are therefore at an increased risk of suffering from anorexia nervosa. This explains why in the United States 90 percent of anorexia nervosa sufferers are female. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000, cited by Eysenck, 2004), the age group most affected by this eating disorder falls between ages 14 and 18. Although people with the condition are able to recover if the disorder is properly managed, Eysenck (2004) states that the near starvation state that most anorexics live with during the period of the disorder can be life threatening. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia Nervosa is defined as â€Å"an eating disorder in which there is binge eating and compensatory behavior (e.g. self-induced vomiting) with the intention of preventing weight gain† Eysenck (2004).The criterion used to diagnose Bulimia nervosa includes the presence of binge eating where a person eats too much food within a specific period. Most people who adopt such behavior say they cannot control this kind of eating. Once the eating is done, a person will adopt an inappropriate behavior for purposes of compensating for all the food eaten. The most common compensatory behavior is induced vomiting. Other people however choose to go for long periods without taking another meal. Just like the anorexics, Eysenck (2004) observes that bulimics have a distorted way of self-evaluation, which mainly depends on their body weight or body shape. While anorexics are able to control their eating patterns, bulimic do not usually have control on their eating habits. Before engaging in binge eating, they experience great physical and emotional tension, w hich quickly goes away after they indulge in eating. Eysenck (2004) however notes that the tension is easily replaced by feelings of guilt, depression and self-blame, which often leads them to adopting the compensatory behaviors discussed above.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just like in anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa is most prevalent in teenagers with most suffered aged between 15 and 21 years old. Women also form the highest number of bulimics. Case studies Swain (2006) conducted a study into the behaviors of people suffering from both Bulimia Nervosa and anorexia nervosa. In her study, she discovered that â€Å"individuals suffering from the two eating disorders commit suicide more often than their counterparts in the general population† (p. 1). In total, Swain estimated that the two eating disorders accounted for 1.8 percent to 7.3 percent of all suicides in the country. The risk factors associated with suicide among people suffering from both bulimia nervosa and anorexic nervosa include major depression, low body mass index, lack of control of their impulses, obsession with specific things, purging, frequent chronic illnesses and drug abuse. According to Swain (2006) there are several studies that clearly show that most anorexia related deaths do not actually occur due to the long starvation periods that anorexics put up with, but most such deaths are suicide related. Although the study did not identify specific studies where bulimia nervosa related deaths were analyzed, Swain (2006) states that suicide attempts were easily found among bulimic patients. The study identified this as a risk factor that would contribute significantly to completed suicides. According to this study, the general population perceives anorexics and bulimics as a people who are intent at destroying their bodies gradually. This means that even the would-be care givers do not think suicide is an immediate consideration to people suffering from the two eating disorders. Swain (2006) holds the opinion that the mere fact that the two eating disorders are associated with depression is evidence enough that there is a risk of suicide. The evidence by Swain is supported by Ratnasuyira et al (1991), who in a study conducted on anorexia nervosa sufferers discovered that 1 out of the 7 patients treated in a specific hospital had died of suicide within a five-year period of treatment. Another patient had died due to nutritional deficiency. When their follow-up was extended over a 20 year period, the number of deaths by suicides among six patients treated for the eating disorder increased to three, while two patients died from electrolyte imbalance in their bodies. The studies by Swain (2006) and Ratnasuyira et al (1991) concluded that patients with eating disorders should have their psychopathology analyzed as one way of preventing the suicide that oc cur within them. In addition to the use of pharmacological interventions, the author recommends the use of psychotherapy and self-esteem enhancing interventions amongst the youth.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Katzman Golden (2008) argues that both Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are bio-psychological syndromes which involve the intertwining of a person’s physiological and psychological manifestations. The development of the two disorders in different people is fuelled by varying reasons. Anorexia nervosa for example is caused by a combination of socio-cultural, psychological and biological influences to it. Katzman Golden (2008) argues that a biologically vulnerable person can be easily influenced by psychological predispositions and other influences emanating from the socio-culture thus precipitating unhealthy weight loss. This argument is supported by Strober et al (2000) who found out that there was evidence that partial syndromes of the two eating disorders could be shared among family members. According to Katzman Golden (2008), specific personality traits like low self-esteem, perfectionism, social isolation, self-doubt and obsessive behavior predate the development of anorexia nervosa and often persist even after the patient has been treated. The two authors further claim that â€Å"researchers have found disturbances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in patients with anorexia nervosa† (p. 477). Nienstein (2008) argues that while adolescent girls are at increased risk of developing bulimia nervosa, the risks are higher if a person had persistent eating problems in childhood. A negative body image, dissatisfaction with one’s body and the pressure imposed by society for one to be thin increases the chances of people developing bulimia. Having suffered stressful events in one’s family, family disputes and impulsivity also places one at an increased risk of developing bulimia. Neinstein (2008) also draws a connection of family history where teenagers in homes where someone has a history of eating disorder are more likely to develop bulimia. Conclusion The psychiatric conditions identified with Bulimia nervosa include the Kleine-Levin syndrome, borderline personality disorder, depression, binge-eating disorder and purging or anorexic tendencies. Psychologist contends that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa share similar characteristics in that patients experience fear of gaining weight. In addition, their self-evaluation is based on their weights or body shapes. Once they are dissatisfied with the way their bodies are, then they persist with the eating disorders. The body is usually a source of human satisfaction especially in a society where an ideal body size is populariz ed in the media. People with what is perceived as ideal body sizes have a reason to preserve their bodies and life. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who think their bodies do not meet the ideal standard however usually have a rough time trying to fit in and may engage in self-destructive behaviors. As observed in the case study analyzed herein, there is quite significant of suicides that happen in bulimic and anorexic patients. The treatment for the same would therefore have to be psychological in nature. References Eysenck, M. (2004). Psychology: an international perspective. New York: Taylor Francis. Katzman, D. Golden, N. (2008). Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In Neinstein, L. Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Neinstein, L. (2008). Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ratnasuyira, R.H., Eisler, I., Szmukler, G.I Russell, G. (1991). Anorexia nervosa: outcome and prognostic factors after 20 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 158: 495-502. Strober, M et al. (2000). Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulim ia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. The American Journal of psychiatry 157: 393-401. Swain, P. (2006). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A new research. New York: Nova publishers This research paper on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa was written and submitted by user Tobias Johns to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rebellion Against Big Brother essays

Rebellion Against Big Brother essays The book 1984, written by George Orwell, is about an over-bearing government and society with too many rules and regulations. Although many characters in the story seem happy with the way life is, some yearn to rebel and fight for their rights of true freedom; to lessen the constraints put upon them. In the novel, both Winston and Julia act out different types of defiance, and the proles hold the power to completely overturn Big Brother. During the book, Winstons actions and intentions to discover the truth and bring justice to life in Oceania are strong and wholehearted. When he is writing in the diary, he prints DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER over and over again (18). This shows that in both his heart and his mind, Winston wants to get rid of the tight noose Big Brother holds around everybodys neck, and he cannot deny the feeling of wanting something. He feels trapped because he remembers a time where the Party did not always rule, and although he is unsure of whether or not the Revolution was a better time, it was a big part of his childhood and it holds significance to him that could open up the past. While being quizzed by O Brien, he answers, Yes! You are prepared to commit murder? Yes! To betray your country to foreign powers? Yes! (172). This shows that Winston feels like he will do anything for the exposure of Big Brother. He sees through their techniques and wants to reveal it to the rest of the world. His action of agreeing to do horrible feats against his country shows his determination for freedom. Winston just wants to broadcast the web of twisted lies and deceit made up by the Party. Julia, while hating Big Brother, is not quite as committed as Winston in her insubordination. While Winston is talking about evidence against Big Brother and how it could aid future life, she says, Im n...

Using the Simple Sentence in Writing

Using the Simple Sentence in Writing For writers and readers alike, the simple sentence is the basic building block of language. As the name suggests, a simple sentence is usually very short, sometimes no more than a subject and verb.   Definition In English grammar, a simple sentence is a  sentence with only one independent clause. Though a simple sentence doesnt contain any  subordinate clauses, it isnt always short. A simple sentence often contains  modifiers. In addition,  subjects,  verbs, and  objects  may be  coordinated. The Four Sentence Structures The simple sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The other structures are the  compound sentence, the  complex sentence, and the  compound-complex sentence. Simple sentence: I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal at the bookstore.Compound sentence: I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal, but the bookstore was out of maps.Complex sentence:  Because I was planning to visit Tokyo, I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal.Compound-complex sentence:  While Mary waited, I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal at the bookstore, and then the two of us went to dinner.    As you can see from the above examples, a simple sentence- even with a lengthy predicate- is still grammatically less complex than the other types of sentence structures.   Constructing a Simple Sentence At its most basic, the simple sentence contains a subject and a verb: I am running.Kelsey loves potatoes.Mom is a teacher. However, simple sentences also can contain adjectives and adverbs, even a compound subject: He can follow that path and see the waterfall.You and your friends can see the waterfall from the trail.I was wearing my navy linen suit, a crisp white shirt, a red tie, and black loafers. The trick is to look for multiple independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a colon. These are characteristics of a compound sentence. A simple sentence, on the other hand, only has a single subject-verb relationship. Segregating Style Simple sentences sometimes play a role in a literary device known as segregating style, where a writer employs a number of short, balanced sentences in a row for emphasis. Often, complex or compound sentences may be added for variety.   Examples: The house stood alone on a hill. You couldnt miss it. Broken glass hung from every window. Weatherbeaten clapboard hung loose. Weeds filled the yard. It was a sorry sight. The segregating style works best in narrative or descriptive writing when clarity and brevity are required. It is less effective in expository writing when nuance and analysis are required. Kernel Sentence A simple sentence can also function as a  kernel sentence. These declarative sentences contain only one verb, lack descriptives, and are always in the affirmative. Kernel: I opened the doorNonkernel: I did not open the door. Likewise, a simple sentence is not necessarily a single kernel sentence if it contains modifiers: Kernel: The cow is black.Nonkernel: This is a black cow.

MGT DISCUSSION QUESTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGT DISCUSSION QUESTION - Essay Example Informal work groups if well taken care of in an organisation can help in achieving not only the group’s goals but also management objectives. This is because meeting the group’s social needs will provide the necessary security that will motivate them to meet their company targets. Removing production obstacles is one way of getting an informal group, work. This is quite effective as far as I know. I once worked as a supervisor in one of the export processing zone companies, where I came in touch with an informal work groups. A major concern arose, where their leader confronted me with two issues. The first one was poor working conditions such as employees staying in the cooling rooms for more than four hours without a break and with nothing hot to drink. The second was on material shortages, which made them, do a lot of overtime without pay. I had to face management on their behalf with the issues at hand. Changes were implemented and employees were released on breaks to have some snacks with tea provided by the employer. In addition, the company increased the number of employees supplying materials to my team and I saw great productivity in the next months I worked in that

Costco wholesale corporation (Marketing Mix 7P's) Essay

Costco wholesale corporation (Marketing Mix 7P's) - Essay Example The study consists of 7Ps of Costco Wholesale Corporation. So that this will helps to analysis price, place, promotion, product, people, process and physical evidence of Costco Wholesale Corporation.   1.2 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Costco Wholesale Corporation offers various categories of products to its consumers. So that the product is useful to both wholesalers as well as those who want the product for their private use.   Members of the Costco Wholesale Corporation can also shop for personal brand Kirkland brand name goods, designed to be of equivalent or superior quality than nationwide brand names. Such product includes coffee, cookies, luggage, detergent, juice, appliances, tires house ware items etc. Various â€Å"Categories of the Costco products include groceries, candy, appliances, television and media, automotive supplies, tires, toys, hardware, sporting goods, jewellery, watches, cameras, books, house wares, apparel, healt h and beauty aids, tobacco, furniture, office supplies and office equipment. Costco is known for carrying top quality national and regional brands, with 100% satisfaction guaranteed, at prices consistently below traditional wholesale or retail outlets† (Company profile, 2010). ... Other than differentiating the product offered by the Costco Wholesale Corporation from its competitors, this procedure should guarantee that the product is different from every other goods the business offers. â€Å"The challenge company’s face in creating product differentiation is to come up with a strategy which not only creates value for buyers, but also makes it difficult for rival companies to emulate. Whatever the company does to achieve this can be termed as a product differentiation strategy† (Product Differentiation, 2011). A flourishing product differentiation policy will shift the rivalry of the manufactured goods from cost to other non-price features. This assists the business to reinforce its position in the marketplace to enlarge in trades and the direct result of a high-quality product discrimination approach and implementation. 1.3 PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotion of warehouse products represents the various view of communication in the marketing activity. Promotion in the case of service is different from the promotion activity of the product. It helps to generate positive as well as negative reaction about the product. â€Å"Promotion includes advertising, public relations, sales promotion and personal selling† (Lamb., Hair & McDaniel, 2009. pg 47). Costco Wholesale Corporation is mainly promoted through Publish Medias, TV, broadcasting, internet, leisure program etc†¦ Publish Medias comprise ad in news term paper, magazine etc. These ad provide the various information regarding the type of product with there prices. Promotion through the T V media consists of the ad through different state and global channel. Promotion of the product offered

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria Essay In food industry Recent years the interest increased in using LAB by using bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) because of their potential use as a natural antimicrobial agent to enhance the food safety of food products and increase the nutritional values of the food. Foods that fermented by LAB such as cheese, kimchi, fermented sausages, wine, yogurt and pickles have not only a greatly extended shelf life compared to the raw materials from which they are derived, but also enhance the aroma and flavor directly or indirectly by the fermenting organisms. There have many lactic acid fermentation products that have been used since long time ago such as Kimchi (korea), Yogurt (eastern Europe), Dahi (india n Nepal) and cheese (Europe n middle east). Cheese The basic steps of cheese production are acidification, coagulation, dehydration, and salting. While acid production is the major function of the starter bacteria. LAB is responsible for the fresh acidic flavor of unripened cheese and is important in coagulation of milk casein, which is accomplished by the combined action of the enzyme rennet. During the ripening process the LAB also producing volatile flavor compounds such as diacetyl and aldehydes by releasing proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes involved in cheese ripening and by natural antibiotic substances that suppress growth of pathogens and other spoilage microorganisms. For Cheddar and Colby cheese production, starter cultures include strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp.cremoris and Lactocoocus lactis ssp lactis. While, blue cheese require both and the mold Penicillum roqueforti is also added as a secondary for the flavor and blue color. Health benefits of LAB LAB also known as probiotics because they can promote intestinal balance and strengthen the immune system. Managing Lactose Intolerance -LAB convert lactose into lactic acid, their ingestion may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have Effective diarrhea relief preventing and shortening the duration of several types of diarrhea LAB compete with pathogens for nutrients and space in the intestines By-products of metabolism may have a direct effect against the pathogens. For example, in vitro work shows that L. casei, L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus can all produce antimicrobial agents such as acidophilin and bulgarican that can inhibit growth of pathogens Enhance immune system -LAB has been shown to increase B-lymphocytes or B cells, which recognize foreign matter -LAB also increase phagocytic activity which help to destroy foreign matter by the increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells LAB can stimulate the immune activity in the intestinal mucosa and treat -Reducing inflammations and food allergies Potential Benefits Prevention of Colon Cancer: -LAB has ability to bind with carcinogenic substances (anti- carcinogenic effects) that can protect against colon cancer -Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in some population studies However, more long-term studies on human is needed Lowering cholesterol -Lower serum cholesterol levels in animals by breaking down bile in the gut, thus prevent its reabsorption. However, various studies with fermented milk products have shown either no effect or a reduction in cholesterol levels.

The Book of Acts Essay -- Religion, Bible

There has been much debate regarding who wrote the book of Acts. Professor Riggs of Auburn Theological Seminary said, â€Å"In recent years the tide of opinion has been turning, and is now strongly setting toward a first-century authorship† (Riggs, 38). The early view of the church states Luke is the author of Acts. External evidence agrees with tradition that Luke wrote the book of Acts. The early church fathers, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius, provide evidence that Luke is the author (Lea & Black, 282). The Muratorian Canon (A.D. 190) contains a list of books from the New Testament and lists the author of Acts and the Third Gospel as Luke. There is also internal evidence that points to Luke as the author. In both Luke and Acts, the author uses medical phraseology. In Acts 28:8, the father of Publius was sick with a fever and had a bloody flux. Other instances can be found in Acts 10:10 and 16:16 (Riggs, 41-42). Luke was a physician and that would explain why h e used medical terms when writing the book of Acts. Considering the external and internal evidence, Carson and Moo... The Book of Acts Essay -- Religion, Bible There has been much debate regarding who wrote the book of Acts. Professor Riggs of Auburn Theological Seminary said, â€Å"In recent years the tide of opinion has been turning, and is now strongly setting toward a first-century authorship† (Riggs, 38). The early view of the church states Luke is the author of Acts. External evidence agrees with tradition that Luke wrote the book of Acts. The early church fathers, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius, provide evidence that Luke is the author (Lea & Black, 282). The Muratorian Canon (A.D. 190) contains a list of books from the New Testament and lists the author of Acts and the Third Gospel as Luke. There is also internal evidence that points to Luke as the author. In both Luke and Acts, the author uses medical phraseology. In Acts 28:8, the father of Publius was sick with a fever and had a bloody flux. Other instances can be found in Acts 10:10 and 16:16 (Riggs, 41-42). Luke was a physician and that would explain why h e used medical terms when writing the book of Acts. Considering the external and internal evidence, Carson and Moo...

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: A Case Study in Engineering Disasters ENGG 123 November 20, 2011 ABSTRACT In 1971, Soyuz 11 was the first manned spaceship to contact the first space station. As the astronauts were preparing to re-enter the earth's atmosphere the crew cab depressurized and the astronauts were killed within seconds. This paper will discuss the events that happened and how they were investigated. It will also discuss how the disaster affected future engineering decisions regarding the Soyuz missions as well as other future space adventures. i Table of ContentsAbstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. 1 What Happened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 1 What Went Wrong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 3. 2 What Was Learned†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 4. 0 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 List of Figures Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. . )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, . n. d)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Figure 3. 1: a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts.. 7 ii Figure 3. : a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 0 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide background and information on the Soyuz 11 space disaster. This disaster occurred in 1971 and took the lives of three astronau ts who took part in the first successful visit to the world's first space station. This paper will provide insight on how the disaster actually happened, what the causes were of this disastrous event. It will provide insight on how the events that occurred were investigated and also what was learned from these events and what changed. 2. 1 What HappenedUnless otherwise stated the information in this section is provided from About. com(n. d. ) 1 Salyut 1, a space station made by the Soviets was the first space station to ever be made. It was launched on April 19, 1971. It was a large cylinder with three compartments, could be used with or without people inside of it and it could only dock one spacecraft at a time. The primary use of this space station was to study the effects of long term space travel on a human body, as well as studying effects on growing plants.On April 19, 1971 Soyuz 10 was the first spacecraft to attempt a mission out to the space station however this mission wa s unsuccessful. As the space craft attempted to dock it failed so the astronauts had to return to earth. On the return the ships air supply turned toxic but only one man passed out, all three astronauts recovered fully. On 2 June 6, 1971 Soyuz 11 embarked on a journey to the space station. This ship was originally supposed to be manned by Valery Kubasov, Alexei Leonov, and Pyotr Kolodin. Just before the launch, Valery Kubasov was suspected to have tuberculosis so this crew was replaced by three other men.They were: Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev. Soyuz 11 successfully reached the space station and managed to hand dock the ship once they were within 100 metres. Once docked, problems began to take over the mission. Instruments and telescopes were not working, cramped space made it hard to work, and personalities were clashing. A small fire had even broke out at one point. This is when the crew decided to cut the mission six days short and go home. Right afte r Soyuz 11 undocked and made its way back to earth, all communication with the crew was lost.This happened much earlier than was to be expected. The ship made its way to earth and was discovered on June 29, 1971. When it was opened, all three members of the crew were found dead. The following images are from Space Facts(n. d. ) Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. d. ) a b Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, n. d) abc 3 3. 1 What Went Wrong Unless otherwise stated the facts provided in this section come from Engineering Failures(n. . ) All the people on earth at the time thought this was a normal re-entry of a space craft. However upon opening the capsule the discovered differently. It was obvious to the people there that the crew had suffocated. Located between the orbital module and the descent module was a ventilation valve. As the two modules had been separated this valve was forced open. The two modules were connected via explosive bolts, these bolts were intended to fire sequentially or one after the other, but they actually fired simultaneously or at the same time.Because of this there was extra force put onto internal parts of the space craft. The ventilation valve had been jerked open by all this extra force. This valve was intended to automatically adjust cabin pressure but because it was actually opened in outer space the cabin pressure of the space craft very quickly reached zero, a fatal pressure for the cabin to be at. This valve was located underneath of the astronauts chairs making it impossible for them solve the problem. One of the astronauts was wearing a suit with biomedical sensors that showed he died within 40 seconds of the pressure loss.It only took 935 seconds for the cabin to reach a pressure of zero. 4 The facts in the next paragraph are from abyss. uoregon. edu(n. d. ) What cau sed all this to go wrong was a poor design. It should have been placed in a more accessible place. When thoughts were going into its design it was thought that it would only need to be used in an emergency, however no one thought what would be happening that it would need to be closed. The valve was intended for emergency but proved no use in the emergency because it was inaccessible.This problem could have been solved if the design team performed more tests, however it is impossible for a design team of a safety device to know every single situation that could happen. The following is a quote from Geoff Perry, Senior Science Master at Kettering Grammar School. 5 â€Å"I picked up my first signals for over 7 days on 28 June around 2110 UT   – Salyut on 20. 008 MHz and assumed that recovery would take place on 29 June around 2000 UT. Consequently I set the alarm clock for 3. a. m. BST hoping to see two objects indicating that Soyuz-11 had separated from Salyut   but that was not to be.We had no signals during 29 June and when 2000 UT came and went I went off watch, but, fortunately, left the time switch to do the pass at 2230 and 0300 UT. I did not believe that the Russians would worry about a recovery in darkness at this time of the year, considering their usual precision landings. However, they did worry and Soyuz-11 went two extra revs to give a daylight recovery. The time switch recorded signals 45 s after it had operated with LOS at 2247:15 +/- 15 s (allowing for possible variations in mains frequency affecting the clockwork).Peter Bentley had banked on a daylight recovery and was listening at Menai Bridge and gives LOS at 2247:27 +/- 1 s (or, as he says, +/- 5 s for 99% accuracy). I have therefore adopted 2247:25 +/- 5 s as LOS and the time of separation of the descent module and instrument module. The tragedy must have occurred minutes, or even only seconds, later. Telemetry at LOS was normal for a Soyuz recovery†. (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) The following is a map taken from Svens Space Page (n. d. ) showing what information the Kettering group had received from Soyuz 11. Figure 3. : a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) a 6 The following are images from after Soyuz 11 landed. Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts a b Figure 3. 3: a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts a 3. 2 What Was Learned 7 After this terrible and fatal accident much thought and consideration went into the next missions. First off the USSR never again attempted to send astronauts to the Salyut 1 space station. Eventually Salyut 1 was deorbited and burnt up. It took more than two years for another man mission to be attempted About. om(n. d. ) The Soyuz spacecraft went through a lot of modifications. The first main difference was that it was redesigned to only carry two astronauts instead of three. This allowed more room inside which allowed for the astronauts to wea r space suits during the launch and the landing. The Soyuz capsule remained this way until a new design in 1980 which allowed three astronauts. 4. 0 Summary The Soyuz 11 space disaster was an extremely unfortunate event. Three astronauts died from a malfunction that should have been fixable. This is a

Exploring Cultural anthropology Essay

Cultural difference(s) is one of the research topics that best suits for a cultural anthropologist to study. In my own perspective as a cultural anthropologist, cultural difference in the United States of America is one of the topics I might propose to research. In the United States where the issue of racism is of most major concern among other races, the history of racial discrimination has passed down until today. Many races including Asians are discriminated with regards to services, priorities, socialization, and its laws. Although there are sufficient laws that suspend racial discrimination among other races, this issue will still be in existence because of each cultural differences. This study may help in understanding better cultural differences/racism where it is in existence in the whole and is at most importance to international relations. Why would you choose this culture and topic for research? I chose the culture of United States since it has been the model of every other culture in the world. Many countries are instigated to pattern their country to the United States political system, diversity in religion, economy, and culture and traditions. As a world’s sole superpower, its culture plays an important role in maintaining its political and economic power to the world. American sports in example, military tradition, and advancement in science, arts and in entertainment (Hollywood); these are the things that draws political and economic power to the United States. Its culture is of most interest by other countries in the world. With regards to racism, I chose this topic for the reason that, until today, the United States struggles in eliminating or otherwise minimized racial discrimination domestically. It is a human nature to treat other races superior or inferior among them. It is of our interest the better ways if eliminate, prevent racial discrimination among others. The study of United States culture will give better understanding what it takes to be a charismatic country and a representation to the world. The study of racism will give better understanding how will we become accustomed to other races (The Journal of American Culture, 2009). What do you hope to discover, accomplish, or address by studying this culture? How could you prepare for culture shock? The culture of the United States through careful study would lay the foundation how a developing will and/or a poor country rise to power, elevate their political and economic influence to developed countries, and improved their standard of living via instigating American culture. I’m hoping to give details on different cultures, and address the needs of other people towards information dissemination. With regards to culture shock, studying culture may help in adjusting and/or adapt to culture differences. References â€Å"The Journal of American Culture. † American Family Traditions, (2009). American Family Traditions. Retrieved June 11, 2009 from americanfamilytraditions database.

Peer Groups essays

Peer Groups essays Unlike parents, siblings, teachers, and church and official leaders who have power over the teenagers they are trying the socialize, peers do not posses such power. In fact, they are equal in social status and do not have the power to punish or sanction behavior. Unlike a family which one is born into or a school that one has to attend, peer groups are voluntary association, teenagers can leave and join peer groups at any time. However, loosing friends is a big issue, because teenagers evaluate themselves based on the number of friends they have. During the adolescent years, peers play an important role in socialization especially in the American society, where most parents are so busy with their 9 to 5 jobs that they dont get the chance to spend Peers teach some important qualities that other agents of socialization cant. For example, they teach independence from authority, but at the same time conformity to the peer group. This is evident, when we see a teenager begging his/her parent to go to the movies with her/his friends alone without adult supervision. The teenager wants to feel independent. However at the same time, he/she must try to conform to the values and beliefs of the peer group to be able to fit in and hang out with them. One way to gain independence from authority is to form a youth subculture, which sometimes engages in conflicts with parents, teachers, and church official because of the difference of attitude which they present. For example, adults have different values and beliefs toward drinking alcohol . A member of a peer group would probably think that as long as one knows who they are drinking with and does not over drink, and does not put herself in the position to get harmed; then, drinking is fine and harmless. The adult would disagree saying that by drinking not does one hurt themselves physically, but when they are drunk they do not have contro ...

Free ESL Business Letter Writing Lesson Plan

Free ESL Business Letter Writing Lesson Plan Teaching a business English course requires an extremely pragmatic approach to writing tasks. It is necessary to focus on the production of specific documents for specific situations. In order to ensure that the students are attentive while learning language production skills which will be used in the writing of these documents, they should brainstorm on certain company-specific problems that might arise. In this manner, the students are attentive throughout the language productivity process because they will be creating a document that has immediate practical applications. 5-Part Lesson I Listening Comprehension: Shipment Problems from International Business English Listening comprehension (2 times)Comprehension check II Break into 2 groups to brainstorm and write a list of possible problems with your supplier Have each group choose what they feel is an important and or regularly occurring problemAsk groups to write a quick outline of the problem III Have one group generate vocabulary and structures used when complaining, ask the other group to generate vocabulary used when responding to complaints Have two groups write their generated vocabulary on the boardAsk for further vocabulary and/or structures that the opposing group may have missed IV Ask groups to compose a letter of complaint about the problem they have previously outline Have the groups exchange finished letters. Each group should proceed by first reading, then correct and finally, respond to the letter. V Collect student letters and correct reply by pointing out which types of mistakes have been made (i.e. S for syntax, PR for preposition etc.) While correcting the letter have groups mix and discuss their responses to the problemRedistribute corrected letters to original groups and have students try to correct their letters using the cues given by the correction The follow-up would include a written assignment of writing a letter of complaint. Students would then once again exchange letters read, correct and reply to the complaint. In this manner, students would continue working on this specific task over a period of time thus enabling perfection of the task through repetition. Lesson Breakdown The above plan takes the rather common task of the complaint and replies in the business setting as the central focus for ​comprehension and language production skills. By introducing the subject through a listening  exercise, the students are passively encouraged to begin thinking about their own problems at work. Progressing through the spoken production phase, students begin to consider appropriate language for the task at hand. By focusing on specific problems at their own company, the students interest is engaged thereby ensuring a more effective learning environment. Students begin to consider appropriate written production by writing an outline. In the second part of the lesson, students focus more specifically on the appropriate language for the task of complaining and replying to complaints. They reinforce their reading and spoken knowledge of the vocabulary and structures by commenting on the other groups production on the board. The third part of the lesson begins to develop the actually written production of the target area by group work. It continues with reading comprehension by the exchange of letters and further review of the structures by group correction. Finally, written production continues to improve by writing a response to the letter that they have read and corrected. Having first corrected the other groups letter, the group should be more aware of proper production. In the final part of the lesson, written production is further refined by direct teacher involvement, helping the students to understand their mistakes and correct the problem areas themselves. In this way, the students will have completed three different letters focusing on specific work-related target areas that then can then immediately use at the workplace.

How has the 2010 earthquake in Haiti affected the tourism in Haiti Research Paper

How has the 2010 earthquake in Haiti affected the tourism in Haiti - Research Paper Example In fact after WWII, Haiti was among the leading countries that had taken advantage of the international tourism that had aroused from the global economic restoration. This had created in Haiti an estimate of more than 60,000 direct and indirect jobs, contributed a 3.5% share to the country’s GDP, and earned an annual income of $50 million. (International Monetary Fund 34) According to Americas, during 1950s and ‘60s Haiti had been one of the strongest competitors in the tourism industry in the Caribbean (qtd. in Pawlowski 1). However, the development of tourism in Haiti has been historically lopsided and marred with many setbacks. Even during the most auspicious times, Haiti’s tourism has never attracted a significant portion of the total Antilles tourist market. Only Labadie on the northern coast has achieved consistent success, being the docking site of tourist cruises in the Caribbean (Lundahl 64). It was in Labadie where the Royal Caribbean Cruise Line has bee n landing in Haiti for nearly 30 years, without informing tourists that it is actually part of Haiti, instead referring to it as an ‘island’ on Hispaniola (Lazar, par. 12-3; Pawlowski 2). ... ne Preval in 2004 has brought a slow yet better changes to Haiti, such as, a stabilizing Haiti’s political climate; a steadying economic growth since 2006 (Lies 43-4) with an improved annual growth rate from 1.8% (2005) to 2.4% (2009) (International Crisis Group 8); and positive prospects to Haiti’s tourism industry. In fact, before the earthquake a number of positive indicators show renewed interest for Haiti as a tourist destination in the Caribbean. For example, the Choice Hotels plans to establish two hotels in Jacmel, Southern Haiti; a second international airport in Cap-Haitien is to be built by Venezuela; and a positive review and promotion on Haiti as one of the most exciting travel destination is being plugged by Lonely Planet. (Pawlowski 1-2) Seeing tourism more from an economic perspective, which Pearce defined as â€Å"tourism’s ability to generate income, jobs and corporate profits, bring in foreign exchange, boost tax revenues, diversify the econom y and aid regional development,† (qtd in Pearce 4) despite its not yet so stable political climate and fragile security situation, Haiti’s tourism is getting its boost to improve the country’s poor economy. Then in one instant, a natural disaster had crumbled to the ground the small gains yet vital start to bounce back Haiti’s tourism, leaving Haiti in a far more dismal state. Earthquake in Haiti’s Tourism Even after the largest and most devastating earthquake that had ever hit Haiti on the 12th of January 2010, Haiti’s tourism is still widely seen to be the country’s key to economic recovery, citing northern Haiti, which fortunately was spared of the earthquake wreckage, as the country’s focus of tourism development (Smets, par. 8). With the earthquake having literally ruined Port-au-Prince

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce Essay

Letter of Credit - Lifeblood of International Commerce - Essay Example The title was again reconfirmed in Intraco v Notis. To better understand what letters of credit are, how they are used and why it was called â€Å"the lifeblood of international commerce†, this paper will detail all pertinent information and know-how on the subject, from its origin to its present status in the international trade. 1. Brief Overview of Letter of Credit The letter of credit is about 180 years of age in the financing of trade exports. It has been one if not the most commonly used facilities for international trade payments. Today, its version is better known as the electronic letter of credit which with the use of the internet and computers, have become quite easy to use. The letter of credit comes in variety of forms, most common of which is the documentary credit, also referred to as just L/C, or credit or commercial in the UCP 600 or the ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 600 (UCP 600). The information contained in this paper is the standard type of documentary credit that is the common payment mechanism for international trade. There are other forms of letter of credit that may be mentioned but will not be dwelt upon are the standby letter of credit and the acceptable credit. Standby credit is not exactly related to the fundamental contract of shipment or sale of goods, unlike the documentary credit; therefore, it is not exactly applicable in payment condition and the investigation of shipping files and documents is not required. The standby credit’s primary role is the prevention of one party or both to attempt breaching a contract because o market changes or other reasons. The use of standby credit as collateral security and fidelity bonds in financing operations, and as performance bonds in the field of construction is increasing. In the transportation of oil, for example, particularly in short journeys such as transportation between countries in Europe, goods might be shipped to the discharge port within a day while the bills of lading are not yet delivered to the port of loading. Instead of documentary credits, the use of cash as the instrument for payment is more convenient and practical for the parties of sale contract in situations such as this. Then again, to increase the seller’s sense of security and confidence in doing business, a standby letter of credit can still be issued by the buyer as backup. From which it can be observed that a standby letter of credit is not exactly applicable in payment conditions. Even though the standby letter of credit has a significant role as a guarantee, it is not equivalent to a bank letter of guarantee by all means. Evidence of non-performance of the underlying transaction is required by the standby credit, instead of the sole requirement of the beneficiary’s documentary compliance. In addition, in standby credit, the proof of fraud is more difficult than in documentary credit. Simply put, proving that the breach of contract of the beneficiary is a fraud is very difficult. Just as Judge Kerr said, the case of Harbottle (Mercantile) Ltd. v. National Westminster Bank4 is not a case of established fraud at all. The seller may indeed be correct in arguing that a buyer h as no contractual right to payment of any part of the guarantee, let alone the entire guarantee. However, all these rest on contractual disputes. They fall in a subject distant from fraud, particularly established fraud. 2. Defining the Letter of Credit Basically, the most common form of credit it documentary form is the Letter of Cre

Building your own state prison Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Building your own state prison - Term Paper Example This method will also apply reformation and reintegration of prisoners into society. This method which also follows the method set by Captain Alexander Maconochie, helps the inmate to become ready for life back into free society (Barry, 72) ATTN: please look for it from your book because the online version of the book does not have Bibliography!). 2) Size of the prison: Remember to accommodate for the security levels The size of the prison would be patterned after the Auburn design (Appendix A), with consideration of prison population growth, security, socialization, and economic activities. However, there should be economized space so that instead of cells measuring 8X12 feet, a smaller one at 7X 10 feet cells will be implemented in consideration of population growth as this has been notably consistent over time. 3) Hiring procedures: Discuss in-depth the procedures that you would use to hire staff Hiring procedure for staff should be based on physical and psychological capacity whe re human relations experience is necessary. This is in conformity with the ticket-of-leave system introduced by Walter Crofton of which prisoners were treated confinement stages befitting their behavior. This will require proper capacity of the staff to deal with the kind of persons that offenders are subjected into. Physical capacity of prison staff is necessary in order to handle or subdue assault or attack by rioting inmates. Psychological readiness of the prison worker will help in dealing with rowdiness or unruly behavior, as well as adapt to more humane manner of interacting with prisoners who may deserve better treatment. Inmates who are scheduled for release may also be considered for hiring as they are well-oriented with the rudimentary of prison life. Additional training and orientation may be needed. 4) Inmate classification: As mentioned earlier, three classifications may be provided for inmates and these include the maximum security prisoners who committed heinous crime s and grouped together depending on their entry. This group will not be in solitary but by partner to encourage socialization and openness. There will be employed treatment dependent on the behavior of the prisoner: first the solitary and reduced food rations, next is the provision of agricultural or industrial work with full food provision. Behavior at this stage will determine movement to the next stage which is an open prison with few restrictions, until such time that the inmates reach the fourth stage which is parole or freedom (Mays and Winfree, 45). Then, there are the working inmates who are already allowed to be trained to gain skills and work to earn. These may consist of the largest bulk of the inmate population as they will be given real jobs and allowed to earn decent income. This stage, too, will be the longest period as bulk of their punishment time be spent on this stage. The last classification may be called the probationary stage where prisoners are groomed to beco me free men. Trust, respect, and capacity to deal with the outside world will be experienced by the inmates at this stage. 5) Prison structure As mentioned earlier, the prison design will take from the Auburn style which employs the prison cells for inmates’ rooms, with an entrance court, a yard, garden, shops, chapel, kitchen, guard station,

Benefits and disadvantages of branding

Benefits and disadvantages of branding In this article, I am going to introduce what is branding? Why does branding? and analyze both the advantage and disadvantage of branding. In addition, I will use some examples to support my critical viewpoint. First part, it introduces about what is brand, branding is a thing combine with our regular life, and how to recognize it. Second part, it elaborates some examples to support the analysis of the advantage of branding. The advantages can be explored from both company side and customer side. Third part, it will talking about the disadvantage, so I using some reference to support disadvantage. A definition for a brand has been shown in the Journal of Marketing Management by Professor Peter Doyle of Warwick University: A name, symbol, design, or some combination which identifies the product of a particular organization as having a substantial, differentiated advantage (OMally,1991,p. 107). Besides, company use branding as a tool to engage the customers buying their goods, also doing some promoting value, making some branding image, or attach consumers lifestyle (Rooney, 1995). On the other hand, customer use branding as a advantage to receive the benefits from the brands. As Ronny (1995) said that branding is a technique to build a sustainable, differential advantage by playing on the nature of human beings. Brand offer service to customer through advertising, promotion, and some e-media. Therefore, organizations use these tools as a media to attract consumers doing some economic and business active in the trade market. Advantage: Both branding and no branding have two-sides effect, the essential problem is how it has been done. For example, branding could help the brand promote their brand images in the trade market, also could earn some brand loyalty and increasing some brand value. On the other hand, no brand could has lower production cost, lower marketing cost, and lower legal cost than branding. After the organization entering the trade market, using the branding to communicate with their customer, they could receive benefit from branding. Such as reputable brand name, possible brand loyalty, brand value, maximum marketing efficiency, and even reduction of advertising costs (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2001). Branding name is a thing, a tool which companies use in the trade market. They admit that brand name may not set up or break down the organization but it would be a key point in their success or failure (Ronny, 1995). Normally, the organization use their brand name as part of their product even selling point, for example: Coke Cola, they use their brand name as the selling point, sales their products. Coke Cola is a famous brand around the world, moreover, in Chinese the Cola means could be fun, so that in Chinese culture the brand name plays a way in the trade market. It is easy for general public to think Microsoft, Apple, Asus and Acer as examples of famous brand. Actually, in marketing, brand has wider meanings rather than merely a name of a product. In the other hand, the simplest example to says is that a chocolate is a kind of food originally, however, if a company gives chocolate a name as Godiva, it becomes a branding name, therefore, the brand values comes appear, too. Moreover, according to Millward Brown Optimor website(2010) statistic, that technology industries brand value top 5 are Google($114260million), IBM($86383million), Apple($83153million), Microsoft($76344million), and HP($39717million), moreover, their brand value has changed about 14%(Google), 30%(IBM), 32%(Apple), 0%(Microsoft), and 48%(HP). Originally, those names consist of ordinary alphabet letters. But due to the branding activity in which the owners put great resource, those names, in itself, obtain marvelous values Generally, branding is not only a product that selling from business to customers , however, at the top of trade market, brand could be a product that selling and purchasing between business to business. Normally, small companies may merger other brand value and asset. The most famous example is that Lenovo merged IBMs PC department, after the merger, Lenovo has become the third top of pc manufacturers. Also their brand value has increased a lot. Another case in this point is Cisco. Cisco internet company in 20th century, through the acquisition over hundreds of time, their products manufactured by a simple router extended their product line from simple router to 25 kinds of network equipment. Each product has been ranked first or second in its industry. Brand loyalty is one of the advantage, too. Normally, we use return customer rates as away to test brand loyalty. For example, according to Ishii (2008) said that we could traced a customers purchased records, if we would found that they had bought some products from same company more than three times, then we could think this is a loyalty customer. But, in higher price product, for example, car, laptop, and house so on, we couldnt expect that customer would do repeat purchase very often. So, we might use brand image to be a method to test the brand loyalty. the competitive strength of an international brand is that it tends to be associated with status and prestige, while providing convenient identification for international travelers (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2001). Disadvantage: Obviously, branding, of cause, not only has advantages, but also disadvantages. In analysis above, the benefit for small company to merge a big company with famous brand is obvious. But it always is combined with high risk. Concentrating on economic benefit, market share and production capability, companies involved in merger and acquisition usually ignored divergence between different corporate cultures. Also, the new business line may not be appropriately melt into of their existing products categories. Whats worse, even the enterprise are constrained with limited financial resource to handle the merger and the following painful adjustment, which could be fatal to both companies in that merge case. The most well-known example is the convergence of BenQ and Siemens. BenQ has invested Siemens over six billion (EUR). But at the end of the investment, BenQ has announced the cessation of all investment for Siemens. Due to the unmatched business line and corporate culture, BenQ, without possessing proper knowledge and ability of merger, has made a big lost on these investment, leading an decrease of both BenQ and Siemens brand value. Another disadvantage of branding is its high legal cost. From the virtual to real, ideal to design, and picture to imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦so on, the intellectual right are everywhere, even though it is only a sentence, all associated with legal cost. As Onkvisit and Shaw (2001), said that a brilliant brand name is useless, unless it is legally protected. For brand, the slogan, logo, even the design, these all are the part of brand value. If someone copies it without permission, or in a illegal way to make money, then the legal cost has appeared. Business would lost a huge amount of income , because of the illegal product had appeared in the trade market. Normally, the illegal products are far cheaper than the genuine ones, because they dont have any RD cost. So in the trade market, lower priced pirate products usually are more popular among consumers. For example, computer software is easily to copy. The biggest victim is Microsoft Windows systems. Their brand income are lost almost mo re than ten billion per year. Nevertheless, while the brand doing business activities, marketing cost and product cost are two things that they have to considerate. It might be the disadvantage, because from the beginning, the company is just set up, they had to spent some cost on promotion and launches some advertisement to increase their branding image and attract new customers. Every manufacture produce their product, not only original cost, but also involve labor cost, transfer cost, official costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦so on, these cost are all their necessary manufacture cost. Extra funds need to be raised for marketing and branding, which causes more pressure to companies who are already heavily concerned with manufacturing cost. Conclusion: Finally, to brand or no to brand is the first question of the new company which is just set up. No matter which way the company has chosen, it may have effected of company. To branding, the manufacturer would face some problems to deal with. For example, they have to think a advertise to promote their brand at the beginning. Then they have to do some strategies to compete with their competitors. They need to render benefit to customers, therefore they could receive some brand royalty of customer. Another way for company to increase its brand value is to purchase other company. First of all, they might need to take the culture into consideration. Secondly, they might concern whether company can take the high-risk in investment or not. Thirdly, they might think of the marketing cost and product cost. However, the most important thing is the legal cost, it might plays an important role of the branding, because the value of the whole business lost, have influenced the enterprise lot. The cost of illegal product might influence the companys income, the brand value and even brand image. Customer might prefer lower price of product of high quality. In addition, if the organization could offer higher quality of service and same quality of quantity, customers would still be loyalty of the brand. Words : 1534.

Brent Staples A Brothers Murder Essay -- essays research papers

Brent Staples' A Brother's Murder A belief I feel very strongly about proposes that all problems faced by our society have solutions. If this belief is true, why do problems still face us today? The answer could be a result of either laziness by the people in our society in finding these solutions or just the fact that there are too many problems to solve. Maybe this belief I have is too far out of reach to be true. On the other hand, Brent Staples, a well-respected writer, seems to share this idea with me. In his works, he displays a great deal of motivation to solve particular problems faced by society. In "A Brother's Murder," he uses a personal account of murder within the streets caused by social placement to illustrate the problem within the lower class. After reading this article, I questioned the stability of our society, and the overall severity of this problem of murder in the streets. The inner streets of our nations' cities have, over the years, proven to be war zones. Gangs are roaming the streets to protect their territory, making gunplay an everyday task. The smell of fear, death, and misguided souls reek to the nose of the onlooker. Brent Staples does an outstanding job of describing the severity of these problems. His brother, Blake, leads a life molded by this street life. His official cause of death was murder. However, at the young age of twenty-two years old, they should have noted h...

Malunggay Essay

Theoretical Framework The following theories provide framework of this research. This study was anchored on the Theory of Kramer (1995). â€Å"The Texture Measurements of Foods: Psychological Fundamental, Sensory, Mechanical, and Chemical Procedures, and their Interrelationships (1995),† that sensory quality of foods, being a psycho-physical phenomenon, should be systemized or classified accordance with the sense by which the various attributes of quality are perceived by the consumer. The following attributes are used to determine and measure the quality of a product: appearance, taste, texture and aroma. As positioned by the author appearance includes factors such as size, shape, color, and external attributes such as the attractiveness of the icon or logo. Size and shapes are measurements often used as grade standards or to differentiate between items. The assessment of size and shape is often a subjective process although, for many products, visual guide have been developed. Color is the primary indicatory of maturity is the result of the type and quan tity of pigments in the product. Changes in color are often related to freshness or deterioration of the product. Color can be measured by many visual or mechanical methods. On the other hand, taste is the perception of chemical compounds on the tongue and other nerve endings of the mouth. The basic tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent. Sweetness is directly related to sugars into the food and the sugar to acid ratio. Sourness is the result of the organic acids present. Compounds such as those in citrus fruits or coffee usually impart bitterness, where astringency is often the result of tannins such as the phenolic compounds in grapes (Kramer, 1995). Also, texture is â€Å"the composite of those properties which arise from the structural elements of a product, and the manner in which this composite registrars with the physiological sense† (Szczesniak, 2005). Most textural characteristics, except firmness are evaluated as mouth feels, i.e. the impression on the tongue, palate and teeth. In production , common textural characteristics include tenderness, crispiness, crunchiness, chewiness, and fibrousness. Texture is generally determined by measuring force applied to the food. Lastly, aroma is the sum of the compounds perceived by the nose. It is very difficult to determine objectively since it is a combination of qualitative predominant and quantitative traits in a food product. Fruits and vegetables are rich in  aromatic compounds; many of which are yet to be identified. Thus, in identifying the quality of the ordinary meat burger patties and the quality of the new product innovation which is the malunggay burger patty, the researchers used Kramer’s classification of quality to collect the raw data from the respondents. Another theory to support this study is the â€Å"Diffusion of Innovations Theory† by Thurber and Fahey (2009). This theory is used to describe well the evidence for growth and adoption of dietary Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the need for a scientific consensus on the nutritional benefits. Diffusion is the process by which an innovat ion is communicated through curtain channels over time among the members of a social system. According to Thurber and Fahey (2009), the rate of adoption and possibilities of over adoption can be predicted using five characteristics of a new innovation. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its wide spread use to be promoted, evidence must be provided for the following attributes: The first attribute is called Relative Advantage which is the extent to which an innovation is perceived as being better or more useful than the idea it supersedes. Then, it is followed by the Compatibility which means the measure of how well an innovation is consistent with existing social and cultural practices, if it is likeable, and whether it meets the need of potential adopters. On the other hand Complexity is the level to which the innovation is perceived to be difficult to understand or use. Another attribute is Observability which is used to describe how well the results of the innovation can be seen and communicated to others. And finally, Trialability which refers to the ability of an innovation to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to determine the rate of adaptation of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory, it will give accurate knowledge on the effectiveness and health benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this research shall focus on the independent variables such as the respondent’s age, gender and grade level. Likewise, the dependent variables of the study are the respondent’s evaluation regarding the product in terms of appearance, taste, texture and aroma. Once these dimensions are known, a proposed Food Feeding Program shall be formulated.