How Do Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA Sequences

In nature, organisms constantly have to protect themselves from foreign invaders, even at the microscopic level. In bacteria, there is a group of bacterial enzymes that work by dismantling foreign DNA. This dismantling process is called restriction and the enzymes that carry out this process are called restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are very important in recombinant DNA technology. Restriction enzymes have been used to help produce vaccines, pharmaceutical products, insect resistant crops, and a host of other products. Key Takeaways Restriction enzymes dismantle foreign DNA by cutting it into fragments. This disassembling process is called restriction.Recombinant DNA technology relies on restriction enzymes to produce new combinations of genes.The cell protects its own DNA from disassembly by adding methyl groups in a process called modification.DNA ligase is a very important enzyme that helps to join DNA strands together via covalent bonds. What Is a Restriction Enzyme? Restriction enzymes are a class of enzymes that cut DNA into fragments based upon recognizing a specific sequence of nucleotides. Restriction enzymes are also known as restriction endonucleases. While there are hundreds of different restriction enzymes, they all work in essentially the same way. Each enzyme has what is known as a recognition sequence or site. A recognition sequence is typically a specific, short nucleotide sequence in DNA. The enzymes cut at certain points within the recognized sequence. For example, a restriction enzyme may recognize a specific sequence of guanine, adenine, adenine, thymine, thymine, cytosine. When this sequence is present, the enzyme can make staggered cuts in the sugar-phosphate backbone in the sequence. But if restriction enzymes cut based on a certain sequence, how do cells like bacteria protect their own DNA from being cut up by restriction enzymes? In a typical cell, methyl groups (CH3) are added to the bases in the sequence to prevent recognition by the restriction enzymes. This process is carried out by complementary enzymes that recognize the same sequence of nucleotide bases as restriction enzymes. The methylation of DNA is known as modification. With the processes of modification and restriction, cells can both cut up foreign DNA that pose a danger to the cell while preserving the important DNA of the cell. Based on the double-stranded configuration of DNA, recognition sequences are symmetrical on the different stands but run in opposite directions. Recall that DNA has direction indicated by the type of carbon at the end of the strand. The 5 end has a phosphate group attached while the other 3 end has a hydroxyl group attached. For example: 5 end - ... guanine, adenine, adenine, thymine, thymine, cytosine ... - 3 end 3 end - ... cytosine, thymine, thymine, adenine, adenine, guanine ... - 5 end If, for example, the restriction enzyme cuts within the sequence between the guanine and adenine, it would do so with both sequences but at opposite ends (since the second sequence runs in the opposite direction). Since the DNA is cut on both strands, there will be complementary ends that can hydrogen bond to one another. These ends are often called sticky ends. What Is DNA Ligase? The sticky ends of the fragments produced by restriction enzymes are useful in a laboratory setting. They can be used to join DNA fragments from both different sources and different organisms. The fragments are held together by hydrogen bonds. From a chemical perspective, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions and are not permanent. Using another type of enzyme however, the bonds can be made permanent. DNA ligase is a very important enzyme that functions in both the replication and repair of a cells DNA. It functions by helping the joining of DNA strands together. It works by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. This bond is a covalent bond, much stronger than the aforementioned hydrogen bond and able to hold the different fragments together. When different sources are used, the resulting recombinant DNA that is produced has a new combination of genes. Restriction Enzyme Types There are four broad categories of restriction enzymes: Type I enzymes, Type II enzymes, Type III enzymes, and Type IV enzymes. All have the same basic function, but the different types are classified based on their recognition sequence, how they cleave, their composition, and on their substance requirements (the need for and type of cofactors). Generally, Type I enzymes cut DNA at locations distant to the recognition sequence; Type II cut DNA within or close to the recognition sequence; Type III cut DNA near recognition sequences; and Type IV cleave methylated DNA. Sources Biolabs, New England. â€Å"Types of Restriction Endonucleases.† New England Biolabs: Reagents for the Life Sciences Industry, www.neb.com/products/restriction-endonucleases/restriction-endonucleases/types-of-restriction-endonucleases.Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

The And The European Union - 1108 Words

Countries like the U.K. and the European Union have established clear polices for progression of research. The law states that research on embryos older than 14 days is prohibited. Panno Joseph, Ph.D. holder and clinical E.S cell researcher, explains how the age limit of 14 days is specifically used because it is the time period when the brain and spinal cord start to develop, which is the beginning of the neuralization (Panno 32). In addition, the United Kingdom denies the use of embryonic stem cells without a license (Vogel 1602). A license is only obtained for research agencies promoting advances in treatments (Vogel 1603). In addition, therapeutic cloning has been allowed, due to beneficial tools in research. Due to the U.K. and European unions well positioned laws, and rigorous regulatory regime they have become the world leader in embryonic stem cell research. As a result, they attract skilled scientists and international investment in stem cell research. These countries can se rve as a model for the United States, which lacks clear polices pertaining to embryonic stem cell research. Moreover, public funding from government research councils has played a crucial factor in breakthroughs such as â€Å" increasing knowledge about the causes of congenital disease, causes of miscarriages, [and the] development of medical therapies,† (Panno 81). Furthermore, the countries’ researchers have made significant advancements in the developmental of reproductive biology that can treatShow MoreRelatedEuropean Unions And The European Union1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union was developed in order to end the frequent and horrific wars between neighboring countries in Europe which peaked in the second World War. After long years of negotiations and meetings between member states of European countries, the European Union was formed because of common interests and goals on economic, social, and foreign policies. The European Union ensures to unite Eur opean countries economically and politically in order for them to have a secured lasting peace. The foundingRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union1439 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Union comprises of 28 member states . The emergence of the European Union resulted from the wish to stop conflicts among the warring countries within the states which will not only bring about peace and safety but also economic growth and embossed living standards for all of its peoples. European Union is based on the rule of law, individual human rights protection and a common European Union Citizenship. The aspirations of the Union have increased far beyond the indigenous aims of a systematicRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union944 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Queen her happy 90th birthday and tell the British people that voting to leave the European Union in the 23 June 2016 referendum is a terrible idea. 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It is not a government, it is not an international organization, and it is not just an association of states. The European Union members, instead, have decided to turnover part of their sovereignty to the Union so that many decisions can be made at the institutions leadership level. This partnership includes 28 diverse democracies built together on the basis of complex treaties. Although the goals of this organization were toRead MoreThe European Union981 Words   |  4 PagesBrexit is a an abbreviation of â€Å" British Exit â€Å" out of European union which refers to a referendum held in United Kingdom wherein all the eligible voters of UK were asked if they want UK to be part of the European Union or Leave the European Union. 51.9% voted to leave and 49.1% voted to remain in European Union. What is European Union? European Union is largely an economic union of 28 countries of Europe and UK was also a member of the European Union. The Membership fees paid by UK were  £350 millionRead MoreThe European Union878 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues that comprise the organization: the European Union. From economics to politics, the organization has grown to include most of the European countries. Their policies emphasize the rule of law; meaning every action executed within the organization is founded on treaties, along with the agreement of the participating countries. Its focus continues to promote human rights, as well as making their institution more transparent and democratic. The European Union is constantly growing and refining itselfRead MoreThe European Union Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pageshe European Union consists of many institutions and through these parts, it functions itself. While it has a highly federalized government-like-framework (EU Parliament), simultaneously, it also has loose int ergovernmental institutions (Council of European Union and the European Council). It is a complex hybrid organization, falling somewhere between the intergovernmental cooperative United Nations, and the federal government of United States of America. The chief constituting bodies are namely,Read MoreThe European Union Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesformer Prime Minister David Cameron stated, â€Å"A vote to leave is the gamble of the century. And it would be our children’s futures on the table if we were to roll the dice† (Ketil). On June 23, more than half of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. A myriad of UK’s citizens had no knowledge of what their vote would do.1 In the United States, the electoral college elects the president while taking in the consideration of the public’s vote. When the public voted on the referendum, they believed

IT Strategy Management and Acquisition

Question: Discuss about the IT Strategy Management and Acquisition. Answer: Introduction: IT management can be defined as a practice or a policy that is primarily used for managing different types of information technology for any kind of business environment. Information technology has become one of the inseparable parts for rendering the success of a business organization. In order to maintain a co-ordination between the employers and employees, organizations have to follow an organizational structure. Some of the most important organizational structures used by most of the well-known companies include Divisional, Flat Matrix, Hierarchy, Project based and so on. Cognizant Technology Solution, IBM, B2M Solution have been considered as one of the most popular IT companies occupying a predominant place in the realm of information technology industry. IT management has become an inevitable part for every business organization in order to provide an effective service to the customers. Business organizations within their IT department like to maintain Matrix organizational st ructure for making a coherence with the employees. As defined by Awadh Alyahya, (2013), IT management is not about mere installing and maintaining technology. The essence of IT management has its greater significance. IT management implies to use the technology in such a way that both the service providers and service users become facilitated and benefited for it. The primary responsibility of the IT users is not only to use information technology within the business process but also to train the stakeholders for making the best use of information technology both inside and outside of the organization. Therefore, this particular study has focused to highlight which particular structure of IT management has been followed by most of the predominating IT organization. The role of organizational structure for the success of a company has also been pointed out in this particular study. How does the Success of IT Management Influence the Success of Business Organization? In order to maintain an effective profit making planning business organizations have to maintain some of the major factors (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012). These factors include accurate data analysis, maintaining effective communication with the employees, keeping a constant record about the performance of employees, maintaining accurate financial calculation and so on. Information technology is the only way with the help of which the business experts can keep a constant record on the above mentioned factors. The impact of using IT management within the process of business is possessed with both positive and its negative impacts (Enqvist, Graham Nikkinen, 2014). Organizational structure is highly important in order to maintain coherence within the business process of an organization. Matrix organization structure does not like to follow traditional model like Hierarchy and Flat. IT managers would be able to take an effective as well as quick decision if they tend to follow this particular structure within their department. With this specific structure employees have to play dual role in order to deal with the customers effectively. They have to work both as a functional and as a product manager in Matrix. Matrix structure is possessed with some of the major advantages and disadvantages. Organization like Caterpillar tends to follow Matrix structure within the IT management. Some of the advantages of implementing matrix structure with the IT management are as follows: Appropriate decision-making is the heart of business growth and success. A particular business organization would be able to make an appropriate decision at the right time only when the managers are having sufficient data and information. In matrix structure, employees are divided into small groups based on which they are able to take an effective decision at the right time. The chief executive officer of a particular organization divides two or three functional managers for a specific business organization. Under three functional managers few staffs are recruited to handle data and information. Information technology is the only reliable source that can provide appropriate data and information regarding the business goal. At present era, Google Analytics and Microsoft CRM Dynamics, Big data are the major tools to provide necessary information to the business experts (Fos Knudsen, 2013). In the matrix structure, the IT experts play as the major role of functional by maintaining the productivity. Under the direction of functional managers, the employees of IT division like to keep a constant record on the performance of the employees (Garrigos-Simon et al. 2012). The advancement of technology helps business managers for taking a suitable decision within the stipulated period. Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek Van Praag, (2013) stated that before launching the Eat Happy Project by TESCO, the marketing executives of this organization decided to conduct a market survey in order to collect an accumulated feedback from the target audience. The marketing executives collected the feedback from the target customers by utilizing the popularity of public forum (Kaplan Mikes, 2012). By maintaining the matrix structure, the functional managers have divided the employees into small groups. Some of the employees were responsible for collecting feedback from the customers for launching Eat Happy Project in various schools of UK. Without the assistance of information technology, this company would never be able to launch Eat Happy Project for the wellbeing of children. Matrix structure within IT management renders business growth. In order to promote the products and services, one single group of IT department tends to use the popularity of both electronic and digital media (Lo, Yeung Cheng, 2012). The use of media has a greater impact on both the organization and the customers. On one hand, organizations are able to reach their brand to the various geographical boundaries in order to draw the attention of international customers. On the other hand, customers as well can get detailed information regarding the reliability of a particular product by visiting various online websites and public forums (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). For an example, marketing distribution plan and promotional activities of IBM are completed based on digital media. As a result, after starting their journey in Australia, this particular organization has launched their entire business process to various countries. More than 28 million customers are intending to use the service and product of this organization in each country. The functional managers by following the matrix structure are deciding to spread their entire business process to the international market. Information technology has left an immense contribution for the business development of this particular organization (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2014). At the same time, matrix structure within IT management is not devoid of some of its negative impacts as well. Employees by following this particular structure have been divided into small groups. As a result, people have to face communication barrier. Functional managers have to face difficulties to maintain the unity inside the team members. In addition, The rhythmic flow of business hampers immensely due to any kind of technological error. The managers would not be able o communicate with the employees if the data or performance record of the employees is demolished due to technological crisis (Rasula, Vuksic Stemberger, 2012). In this kind of situation, IT management has to face innumerable difficulties to overcome all the barriers. In order to follow matrix structure, the IT managers should be very much concerned on some of its major factors as well. The managers have to be concerned about the IT security for making their data and information confidential. While implementing IT management within the process of business, the business organization should follow some of the most important regulations and acts inside the organization. Data Protection act is the most important regulation that every business organization should follow at the workplace. Data protection act implies that the business experts or data analysts should never disclose any data in front of the third party without taking permission to that concerned person. The IT managers should strictly instruct the employees to maintain confidentiality of data in regards to the organization and both employees. The success of a business organization may be affected being unable to maintain security within the confidential data. In order to run an organization successfully, the business experts should maintain confidentiality in business strategies and policies (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). Otherwise, competitors may become a major threat in the market. However, encryption is one of the most effective ways of maintaining security on data and information from the customers as well as hackers (Thomas Cornuel, 2012). If a particular business organization likes to maintain encryption, an unauthorized person would never be able to use or hack the computer. Maintaining confidentiality of data is quite difficult in matrix organizational structure. In order to maintain data safe and secured, most of the business organizations like to depend on encryption process. While running an organization, the business experts love to maintain a constant financial record on computer. Employees while working under matrix structure have to face immense difficulties in order to maintain confidentiality of data (Wang, Chen Chen, 2012). IT managers should provide an effective training for using encryption so that employees can make the best use of it. An unauthorized person would never be able to use an encrypted file. Therefore, the financial managers can easily maintain their database by using encryption. Effective IT service is also possessed with some of its major impacts for rendering the success of a business organization. The business managers can maintain an effective communication with the employees as well as with the customers by using the advancement of technology. People from different corners are able to communicate with a particular business organization by utilizing the popularity of digital media. Customers can use the service and product of a business organization sitting at their home. For an example, Amazon.com has been considered as one of the most popular ecommerce business organizations that provide an effective online service to the customers of different geographical boundary. The service providers of this organization keep a constant contact with the customer in order to know their needs and demands (Wilton, 2012). The customers as well like to express their feedback to the service providers with the help of online media. As per the customers response and feedb ack, the business organizations like to reform their business strategies and policies. Therefore, the impact of IT service is vast that creates a major role for rendering the success of an organization. The data analyst of a business organization as well is able to provide an accurate data and information regarding the profit and loss. Based on the profit margin, the managers make their business policies of promoting their products. The marketing budget of an organization is highly dependent on the profit margin. Therefore, the contribution of IT service for the success of a business organization is truly undeniable. In matrix structure, employees of similar skills and competencies are instructed to be kept under similar team. For an example, IT employees of IT departments have been kept under a similar group so that they do not have to face difficulties for providing effective services. IT functional managers never intend to amalgamate IT specialists with other departments. Information system is of the major sources of maintaining an effective communication with the customers. With the help of online market survey, the customers get the scope to express their own point of view regarding the service and product quality of a particular organization. Therefore, the product managers can make or re-form their strategies and policies as per the desires of customers. The success of a business organization in matrix structure is highly dependent on the performance level of employees. Information system records the performance of the employees at every step. The functional managers should maintain a strong communication with every single employee in order to encourage him or her. The product managers should keep a record about the productivity of employees. As per the production level, the business experts like to provide appropriate suggestion regarding the betterment of business process. The entire study has provided a detailed analysis about the impact of IT management structure for the success of a business organization. Business experts always crave for maintaining the image and reputation of an organization. In order to get an effective service from the employees, the managers need to provide an effective feedback to the performers so that they can improve their way of service. Information technology is one of the most effective sources that can keep a record about employee performance. IT management of most of the companies tends to follow Matrix structure for maintaining an effective communication with the existing workers. Organizations like to use the advanced technology for providing accurate data to the performers. Reference List: Awadh, A. M., Alyahya, M. S. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), 168. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), 1165-1188. Enqvist, J., Graham, M., Nikkinen, J. (2014). The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: Evidence from Finland.Research in International Business and Finance,32, 36-49. Foss, N. J., Knudsen, C. (2013).Towards a competence theory of the firm(Vol. 2). Routledge. Garrigos-Simon, F. J., Lapiedra Alcam, R., Barber Ribera, T. (2012). Social networks and Web 3.0: their impact on the management and marketing of organizations.Management Decision,50(10), 1880-1890. Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M. (2013). The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment.Management Science,59(7), 1514-1528. Kaplan, R. S., Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: a new framework. Lo, C. K., Yeung, A. C., Cheng, T. C. E. (2012). The impact of environmental management systems on financial performance in fashion and textiles industries.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 561-567. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A. (2014).Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Rasula, J., Vuksic, V. B., Stemberger, M. I. (2012). The impact of knowledge management on organisational performance.Economic and Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe,14(2), 147. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Thomas, H., Cornuel, E. (2012). Business schools in transition? Issues of impact, legitimacy, capabilities and re-invention.Journal of Management Development,31(4), 329-335. Wang, C. H., Chen, K. Y., Chen, S. C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 119-129. Wilton, N. (2012). The impact of work placements on skills development and career outcomes for business and management graduates.Studies in Higher Education,37(5), 603-620.

Psychological Disorders Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa

Introduction Eating disorders are rarely seen by the layman as being psychological in nature. However, as different researches have confirmed, there is a strong correlation of eating disorders with psychological disorders. A study done by Kaye et al (2004) for example established that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are associated with anxiety disorders. To understand these two eating abnormalities further and their effects on the affected population, this study will review some of the existing literature publishing on the two.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Anorexia Nervosa According to Eysenck (2004) anorexia nervosa â€Å"is an eating disorder in which the individual is very frightened of becoming fat in spite of having very low body weight† (p. 840). Accordingly, the anorexia n ervosa sufferer has body weight which is less than 85 percent of what would be their normal body weight. People with this condition are known to have a distorted thinking about their body weights and often dismiss any dangers that may arise from being underweight. According to Eysenck (2004), females are more concerned about their body weights and are therefore at an increased risk of suffering from anorexia nervosa. This explains why in the United States 90 percent of anorexia nervosa sufferers are female. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000, cited by Eysenck, 2004), the age group most affected by this eating disorder falls between ages 14 and 18. Although people with the condition are able to recover if the disorder is properly managed, Eysenck (2004) states that the near starvation state that most anorexics live with during the period of the disorder can be life threatening. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia Nervosa is defined as â€Å"an eating disorder in which there is binge eating and compensatory behavior (e.g. self-induced vomiting) with the intention of preventing weight gain† Eysenck (2004).The criterion used to diagnose Bulimia nervosa includes the presence of binge eating where a person eats too much food within a specific period. Most people who adopt such behavior say they cannot control this kind of eating. Once the eating is done, a person will adopt an inappropriate behavior for purposes of compensating for all the food eaten. The most common compensatory behavior is induced vomiting. Other people however choose to go for long periods without taking another meal. Just like the anorexics, Eysenck (2004) observes that bulimics have a distorted way of self-evaluation, which mainly depends on their body weight or body shape. While anorexics are able to control their eating patterns, bulimic do not usually have control on their eating habits. Before engaging in binge eating, they experience great physical and emotional tension, w hich quickly goes away after they indulge in eating. Eysenck (2004) however notes that the tension is easily replaced by feelings of guilt, depression and self-blame, which often leads them to adopting the compensatory behaviors discussed above.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just like in anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa is most prevalent in teenagers with most suffered aged between 15 and 21 years old. Women also form the highest number of bulimics. Case studies Swain (2006) conducted a study into the behaviors of people suffering from both Bulimia Nervosa and anorexia nervosa. In her study, she discovered that â€Å"individuals suffering from the two eating disorders commit suicide more often than their counterparts in the general population† (p. 1). In total, Swain estimated that the two eating disorders accounted for 1.8 percent to 7.3 percent of all suicides in the country. The risk factors associated with suicide among people suffering from both bulimia nervosa and anorexic nervosa include major depression, low body mass index, lack of control of their impulses, obsession with specific things, purging, frequent chronic illnesses and drug abuse. According to Swain (2006) there are several studies that clearly show that most anorexia related deaths do not actually occur due to the long starvation periods that anorexics put up with, but most such deaths are suicide related. Although the study did not identify specific studies where bulimia nervosa related deaths were analyzed, Swain (2006) states that suicide attempts were easily found among bulimic patients. The study identified this as a risk factor that would contribute significantly to completed suicides. According to this study, the general population perceives anorexics and bulimics as a people who are intent at destroying their bodies gradually. This means that even the would-be care givers do not think suicide is an immediate consideration to people suffering from the two eating disorders. Swain (2006) holds the opinion that the mere fact that the two eating disorders are associated with depression is evidence enough that there is a risk of suicide. The evidence by Swain is supported by Ratnasuyira et al (1991), who in a study conducted on anorexia nervosa sufferers discovered that 1 out of the 7 patients treated in a specific hospital had died of suicide within a five-year period of treatment. Another patient had died due to nutritional deficiency. When their follow-up was extended over a 20 year period, the number of deaths by suicides among six patients treated for the eating disorder increased to three, while two patients died from electrolyte imbalance in their bodies. The studies by Swain (2006) and Ratnasuyira et al (1991) concluded that patients with eating disorders should have their psychopathology analyzed as one way of preventing the suicide that oc cur within them. In addition to the use of pharmacological interventions, the author recommends the use of psychotherapy and self-esteem enhancing interventions amongst the youth.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Katzman Golden (2008) argues that both Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are bio-psychological syndromes which involve the intertwining of a person’s physiological and psychological manifestations. The development of the two disorders in different people is fuelled by varying reasons. Anorexia nervosa for example is caused by a combination of socio-cultural, psychological and biological influences to it. Katzman Golden (2008) argues that a biologically vulnerable person can be easily influenced by psychological predispositions and other influences emanating from the socio-culture thus precipitating unhealthy weight loss. This argument is supported by Strober et al (2000) who found out that there was evidence that partial syndromes of the two eating disorders could be shared among family members. According to Katzman Golden (2008), specific personality traits like low self-esteem, perfectionism, social isolation, self-doubt and obsessive behavior predate the development of anorexia nervosa and often persist even after the patient has been treated. The two authors further claim that â€Å"researchers have found disturbances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in patients with anorexia nervosa† (p. 477). Nienstein (2008) argues that while adolescent girls are at increased risk of developing bulimia nervosa, the risks are higher if a person had persistent eating problems in childhood. A negative body image, dissatisfaction with one’s body and the pressure imposed by society for one to be thin increases the chances of people developing bulimia. Having suffered stressful events in one’s family, family disputes and impulsivity also places one at an increased risk of developing bulimia. Neinstein (2008) also draws a connection of family history where teenagers in homes where someone has a history of eating disorder are more likely to develop bulimia. Conclusion The psychiatric conditions identified with Bulimia nervosa include the Kleine-Levin syndrome, borderline personality disorder, depression, binge-eating disorder and purging or anorexic tendencies. Psychologist contends that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa share similar characteristics in that patients experience fear of gaining weight. In addition, their self-evaluation is based on their weights or body shapes. Once they are dissatisfied with the way their bodies are, then they persist with the eating disorders. The body is usually a source of human satisfaction especially in a society where an ideal body size is populariz ed in the media. People with what is perceived as ideal body sizes have a reason to preserve their bodies and life. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who think their bodies do not meet the ideal standard however usually have a rough time trying to fit in and may engage in self-destructive behaviors. As observed in the case study analyzed herein, there is quite significant of suicides that happen in bulimic and anorexic patients. The treatment for the same would therefore have to be psychological in nature. References Eysenck, M. (2004). Psychology: an international perspective. New York: Taylor Francis. Katzman, D. Golden, N. (2008). Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In Neinstein, L. Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Neinstein, L. (2008). Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ratnasuyira, R.H., Eisler, I., Szmukler, G.I Russell, G. (1991). Anorexia nervosa: outcome and prognostic factors after 20 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 158: 495-502. Strober, M et al. (2000). Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulim ia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. The American Journal of psychiatry 157: 393-401. Swain, P. (2006). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A new research. New York: Nova publishers This research paper on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa was written and submitted by user Tobias Johns to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.